25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-01:主语从句(1解析)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢1.什么是主语从句?
充当主语的句子就是主语从句。
主语从句一般是一个完整的句子。引导词不做成分。(例外:特殊疑问词)
➢2.有哪些引导词?(3类)
展示从句身份的句子就是引导词。
1)[that] 当主语从句为陈述句时使用,在从句中没有实际含义,不做成分,不能省略。
• 钢铁侠是个好人是个事实。
译文:That Iron Man is a good man is true.
2)[whether] 当主语从句为一般疑问句时使用,在从句中有实际含义(“是否”),不做成分,不能省略,不能替换成if。
[注] 凡是任何疑问词引导任何从句,从句都必须使用陈述语序!(不用疑问句!)
• 钢铁侠是好人吗是个问题。
译文:Whether Iron Man is a good man is a question.
3)[特殊疑问词] 当主语从句为特殊疑问句时使用(自带),在从句中有实际含义,做成分,不能省略。(此时特殊疑问词做成分句子才完整)
(who/what/where/why/whom/when/how)
• 钢铁侠喜欢谁是个问题。
译文:Who Iron Man loves is a question.
3.当主语从句较长时,往往要将其后置,并且使用 it 充当形式主语。
• That Iron Man is a good man is true.
• That Black Widow is a bad girl and has cheated me for many times is true. (头重脚轻)
→ It is true that Black Widow is a bad girl and has cheated me for many times.(√)
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-01:主语从句(2实战-分析句子1)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
• Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
1.单词——
(1)increase [ˈɪnkriːs] v./n. 增加
(2)decrease [dɪˈkriːs] v./n. 减少
(3)finance [ˈfaɪnæns] n. 财政;财经;v. 向…投资;给…钱
(4)at the expense of sth. [æt ði ɪkˈspɛns ɒv sth.] 以…为代价
(5)vice versa [vaɪs ˈvɜːsə] 反之亦然;反过来
• I love her and vice versa. 我爱她,她也爱我。
注:vice versa = she loves me.
(6)drive [draɪv] v. 驾驶;驱使,驱动
• driving force 驱动力
2.分析语法结构——
(1)[Whether the government should increase the financing (of pure science) (at the expense of technology) or vice versa] often depends on the issue (of which is seen as the driving force).
(2)整个句子的主干为 Whether A or B depends on the issue.
(3)介短 of pure science 作定语修饰 financing;(of 只能做定语使用,不做状语等其他)
(4)介短at the expense of technology 作状语修饰increase;
(5)后面的 which 引导宾语从句。
拓展:
This is a person at the airport. 作定语(修饰名词)
I will sleep at the airport. 作状语(修饰动词)
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
政府是否应该以科技为代价来增加对纯科学的投资还是反过来,通常就取决于谁被看做是驱动力(的这件事情)。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-62c9169d-1dd6c0d7-158dc099-dfdc90f3-fcfa863f.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-01:主语从句(2实战-分析句子2)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
• That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
1.单词——
1)center [ˈsɛntə] n. 中心
[拓展] central adj. 中心的,核心的,重要的
CBD=central business district 中央商务区
2)have/has something to do with 和…有关系
[相关] have/has nothing to do with 和…没关系
[相关] have/has little to do with 和…几乎没关系
2.分析语法结构——
1)[That our environment has little, (if anything = if our environment has anything to do with our…), to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior] is central (to this theory).
2)that 引导主语从句;(that可接名词也可以接从句,具体问题具体分析)
3)if anything为插入语;(可提到句首翻译)
4)介词短语to his theory 作状语修饰is。(介词短语可作状语、可作后置定语,具体问题具体分析)
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
该理论的核心/中心是:如果说我们的环境要是和我们的能力、性格和行为有任何关系的话,那么此关系几乎是可以忽略不计的/甚微。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-87d37801-0f2b6677-e1767e94-8c69dc41-b1a3bec6.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-01:主语从句(2实战-分析句子3)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识It is worrisome that the society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
• It is worrisome that the society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
1.单词——
1)worrisome [ˈwʌrɪsəm] adj. 令人担心的,令人担忧的
2)medical [ˈmɛdɪkəl] adj. 医学的;医药的
拓展:-ize 动词后缀 …化;使…
3)medicalize [ˈmedɪk(ə)laɪz] v. 用医学方法处理;医学化
4)addict [ˈædɪkt] v. 使上瘾;n. 上瘾者
addiction [əˈdɪkʃən] n. 上瘾;瘾
• I am addicted to coffee. 译文:我对咖啡上瘾。
• I am a coffee addict. 译文:我是咖啡上瘾者。
• I have the coffee addiction. 译文:我有咖啡瘾。
5)stern [stɜːn] adj. 严格的;严厉的
2.分析语法结构——
1)It is worrisome [that the society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, (伴随状语often defining as addictions)]<宾语从句 A=what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.>
2)it 作形式主语,真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句;
3)defining as…是medicalizing 的伴随状语;what 引导宾语从句。
例句中的……often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
正常语序应该为:
• It is worrisome that the society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will as addictions.
此为宾语后置。
4)what X explained as Y X解释为是Y的东西
• They are what I consider as treasures. 译文:他们是我当作是宝贝的东西。
• You are who I consider as friends. 译文:你们是我看作是朋友的人。
拓展:
【宾语后置结构】
X A as B
define A as B 把A定义成B
consider A as B 把A看作B
accept A as B 接受A作为B
see A as B 把A看作B
take A as B 把A看作B
view A as B 把 A看作B
envision A as B 把A想象成B
举例:
see A as B 把A 看作B
1.I see you as my friend.
2.I see anyone who has the right value and could be the positive role model in my life as my friend.(头重脚轻)
3.I see as my friend anyone who has the right value and could be the positive role model in my life.(√)
总结:
在X A as B的结构中,假如A较长时,往往要变形为X as B A(将A后置),但是在分析和翻译时往往要还原。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
令人担忧的是:社会正在医学化越来越多的行为问题,这就将更早更严格的那一代人解释为是意志薄弱的东西定义成了上瘾。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-2aebd077-5a91feb6-dd04ef9c-80aa5aaa-efe96e01.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-02:宾语从句(1解析)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢1.什么是宾语从句?
充当宾语的句子就是宾语从句。
宾语从句一般是一个完整的句子。引导词不做成分。(例外:特殊疑问词)
➢2.类型:
1)动词+宾语从句(此处的动词可以是谓语动词,也可以是非谓语动词)
• I think that Iron Man is a good person.
译文:我认为钢铁侠是个好人。
• Iron Man is a good person thinking that English is important.
译文:钢铁侠是个好人,他认为英语很重要。
2)形容词+宾语从句(此处的形容词为具有动作含义的形容词,即可以翻译成动词)
• I am confident that you will make it.
译文:我相信你会成功的。
• I am sure that Iron Man is good.
译文:我相信钢铁侠是个好人。
3)介词+宾语从句
• It is the matter of how much you will give me.
译文:这是你给我多少钱的问题。
➢3.引导词
1)that:当宾语从句为陈述句时使用,在从句中不做成分,没有实际含义,不需要翻译,一般可以省略。(学习考研英语的目的是高分通过!不是“学会英语”。这里就没必要再区分哪些情况可以省略、哪些不可以省略了,没必要记得那么复杂,如果作文中用到,那就都不省略就行了!才不会错误)
• I think that English is important.
译文:我认为英语很重要。
2)whether/if:当宾语从句为一般疑问句时使用,在从句中不做成分,有实际含义,翻译成“是否”,不能省略。
• I want to know whether/if Iron Man is good.
译文:我想知道钢铁侠是好人吗。
3)特殊疑问句:当宾语从句为特殊疑问句时使用(自带),在从句中做成分,有实际含义,不能省略。(此时特殊疑问词做成分句子才完整)
• I want to know what Iron Man loves.
译文:我想知道钢铁侠喜欢什么。
4.否定前移并且只针对第一人称做主语。
• I think that you are not right. (×)
• I don’t think that you are right. (√)
译文:我认为你是不对的。
• Black Widow doesn’t think that you are right. (×)
• Black Widow thinks you are not right. (√)
译文:黑寡妇认为你是不对的。
宾语从句例句:
• I don’t care who you are and where you are from, and I just love you.
译文:我不在乎你是谁,从哪里来,我只爱你。
• I love you not because of who you are but because of who I am when I am with you.
译文:我爱你不是因为你是谁,而是因为我和你在一起的时候我是谁。
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-02:宾语从句(2实战-分析句子1)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
• At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
1.单词——
1)employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] v. 雇佣;使用;引用
[拓展] employee [ɪmˈplɔɪiː] n. 雇员,员工
[拓展] employer [ɪmˈplɔɪər] n. 雇主,老板
2)personnel [ˌpɜː rsəˈnel] adj. 人事的;人力的
[拓展] personal [ˈpɜː rsənl] adj. 个人的,非公共的
[拓展] private [ˈpraɪvət] adj. 私人的,非公开的
3)staff [stæf] n. 员工;v. 供给员工,给…派遣员工
4)assignment [əˈsaɪnmənt] n. 作业;任务;安排
5)identify [aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] v. 确认,识别
[拓展] identification [aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 确认,识别
6)campaign [kæmˈpeɪn] n. 战役,运动;活动;选举
[拓展] presidential campaign 总统选举
7)promote [prəˈməʊt] v. 推动,推广,促销
[拓展] promotion [prəˈməʊʃn] n. 推动,推广,促销
[拓展] promotional [prəˈməʊʃənl] adj. 推动的,推广的,促销的
2.分析语法结构——
(At the same time) these computers record [which hours are busiest] and [which employees are the most efficient,] (allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.) And they also identify preferred customers (for promotional campaigns.)
分析:
句首的 At the same time 为时间状语,后面的 which 均引导宾语从句,allowing personnel… 为伴随状语,for promotional campaigns 为状语修饰identify。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
同时,这些电脑记录了最忙碌的时间和最高效的员工,这就允许相应地做出人事和员工派遣的安排。并且这些电脑还可以为促销活动确认出忠实的顾客。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-94b7dcbc-ccf309f8-b171aa32-6b0e3695-a29a9ac9.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-02:宾语从句(2实战-分析句子2)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex culture behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
• To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex culture behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
1.单词——
1)filter [ˈfɪltər] n. 滤镜,过滤器;v. 过滤掉,滤除,去除
filter A from B 把A 从B 中去除
2)前缀uni- = 1
unicycle = monocycle = 独轮车
unique [juˈniː k] adj. 独一无二的,独特的
3)complex [kəmˈpleks] adj. 复杂的
【同】complicated [ˈkɑː mplɪkeɪtɪd /
4)arise [əˈraɪz] v. 产生
5)in…terms 在……方面
6)evolve [ɪˈvɑː lv] v. 进化,发展
evolution [ˌevəˈluː ʃn] n. 进化,发展
evolutionary [ˌevəˈluː ʃəneri] adj. 进化的,发展的
7)cognitive [ˈkɒgnətɪv] adj. 认知的;认识的
2.分析语法结构——
To filter out [what is unique] from [what is shared] might enable us to understand [how complex culture behavior arose] and [what guides it (in evolutionary or cognitive terms).]
分析:
句首的两个 what 引导的都是宾语从句;
后面的 how 和what 均引导宾语从句,作understand的宾语;
in evolutionary or cognitive terms 为介词短语作状语,修饰动词guides。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
把特有的东西从共有的东西中去除可能会使我们明白复杂的文化行为是如何产生的,以及在进化或者认知方面是什么在引导着它。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-5a0d08c9-bf67ceb8-8cb759a3-c6ef35bc-122b31bc.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-02:宾语从句(2实战-分析句子3)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.
• Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.
1.单词——
1)injurious [ɪnˈdʒʊriəs] adj. 对……有伤害的
[拓展] injure [ˈɪndʒər] v. 受伤
2)intellect [ˈɪntəlekt] n. 知识,智力
[拓展] intellectual [ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl] adj. 知识的,学识的
[拓展] intelligence [ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns] n. 智力;情报;智能
3)interested [ˈɪntrəstɪd] adj. 感到有兴趣的
[拓展] interesting [ˈɪntrəstɪŋ] adj. 令人感兴趣的
[类似] surprised [sərˈpraɪzd] adj. 感到惊奇的
[类似] surprising [sərˈpraɪzɪŋ] adj. 令人惊奇的
[类似] convinced [kənˈvɪnst] adj. 感到相信的
[类似] convincing [kənˈvɪnsɪŋ] adj. 令人相信的
2.分析语法结构——
Darwin was convinced [that the loss (of these tastes) was not only a loss (of happiness), but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.]
分析:
that 引导宾语从句(此处的 convinced 理解为形容词),of these tastes 为介短作后置定语修饰 the loss,of happiness 为介短作后置定语修饰a loss。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
达尔文相信:这些品味的缺失不仅仅是幸福的缺失,还可能会伤害学识,并且更有可能会伤害道德品质。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-641a38c6-33628909-eddc5c6f-f630cdfc-fd27f697.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-03:表语从句(1解析)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢1.什么是表语从句?
充当表语的句子就是表语从句。
表语从句是一个完整的句子。引导词不做成分。
总结:
(1)系动词+从句(100%是表语从句)
(2)实义动词+从句(宾语从句/状语从句)
例如:
She smiled when she got the birthday gift from Iron Man.
译文:当她收到钢铁侠的生日礼物时,她笑了。(状语从句)
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-03:表语从句(2实战-分析句子1)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.
• His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.
1.单词——
1)subject [səbˈdʒekt] v. 使遵守,使承受,使服从,使受制于
2)result in 导致
result from 来自于
3)paradox [ˈpærədɑːks] n. 矛盾
paradoxical [ˌpærəˈdɑːksɪkl] adj. 矛盾的
breast cancer 乳腺癌
2.分析语法结构——
His argument is [表语从句that the unusual history (of these people) has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures <定语从句that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.>]
分析:
句首的that 引导表语从句,of these people 修饰 history;
to unique evolutionary pressures 后面的定语从句修饰pressures。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
他认为这些人不同寻常的历史就使他们承受了一些独特的进化压力,这就导致了这种矛盾的事态。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-781581ec-bea89897-6334c528-ad7757b2-a8394fe8.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-03:表语从句(2实战-分析句子2)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
• One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
1.单词——
1)trace [treɪs] v. 跟踪,追踪
trace A to B 跟踪A 到B,通过B 来了解(研究)A
2)trait [treɪt] n. 特征
2.分析语法结构——
One difficulty is [that almost all of (what is called behavioral science) continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on].
分析:
that 引导表语从句,what 引导宾语从句。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
困难之一是:几乎所有被称之为是行为科学的东西依然是通过思维状态、感情、性格特征、人性等方面来研究行为。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-f641caf0-a5fa880d-eaa04679-a83e47af-5a8796dc.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-03:表语从句(2实战-分析句子3)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
• Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
1.单词——
(1)turn A on B 把A 转到B,把A 用到B 上
• You should turn your knowledge on your daily life.
译文:你应该把你的知识运用到你的日常生活上去。
2.分析语法结构——
Galileo’s greatest glory was [that (in 1609) he was the first person (to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens) (to prove <that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.>)]
分析:
第一个 that 引导表语从句,第二个 that 引导宾语从句;
in 1609为时间状语;
to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 为不定式作后置定语修饰person;
to prove 为目的状语。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
伽利略最伟大的成就是:在 1609 年,他是第一个将新发明的望远镜应用到太空(研究)上的人,以此证明了星球是围绕太阳而不是地球旋转的。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-6e842612-6812d158-fdecbcad-847b5456-bc41121f.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-04:同位语从句(1解析)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢1.概念:(同位语从句的作用)
充当同位语的句子就是同位语从句,解释一个名词(先行词)的内容,说明该名词的内容是什么(不是修饰其怎么样。修饰名词或代词怎么样的是定语从句!)。
同位语从句是一个完整的句子,引导词不做成分。
例句:
• I got a piece of news that made me so sad.(定语从句)
译文:我得到了一条让我很难过的消息。
• I got a piece of news that a heap of citizens from all over the world were killed by the novel coronavirus. (同位语从句)
译文:我得到一条消息,一群来自世界各地的公民死于新型冠状病毒。
➢2.先行词:
同位语从句的先行词往往是一些包含内容性的抽象名词。(如果先行词是具体名词那就一定不是同位语从句;例如先行词是water,那么该从句有可能是定语从句或者其他从句)
常见先行词:
belief:信念/fact:事实/hope:希望/idea:观点/doubt:怀疑/news:消息,新闻/rumor:谣言(Internet rumor:网络谣言) /conclusion:结论/evidence:证据/suggestion:建议(should+动词原形,虚拟语气);暗示,表明/problem:问题/order:命令/answer:答案/decision:决定/discovery:发现/explanation:解释/information:信息;情报(intelligence)/knowledge:知识;知道,了解/law:法律;法则,定律/opinion:观点/truth:事实/promise:承诺/report:报告/thought:想法/statement:陈述,观点/argument:观点,论点/rule:规则/possibility:可能性。
例句:
• The law of living is “hunt or be hunted”.
译文:生存的法则是“弱肉强食”。
➢3.引导词:
引导词往往为that,that在从句中不做成分,没有实际含义,不能省略:that+完整的句子。
注意:
引导词也可以是其他的,如whether(if不能连接同位语从句)、关系代词what, who, whom, whose和关系副词how, when, why等,这些在从句中一般做成分。
但老师认为没必要费时间区分,只需了解同位语的特点即可,即先行词是哪些、同位语从句的作用。实在不放心可以自己去查查)
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-04:同位语从句(2实战-分析句子1)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
• Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
1.单词——
1)jump [dʒʌmp] n. 跳;攀升,猛增;v. 跳;攀升;急忙做……,急忙去……
2)rescue [ˈreskjuː] v.] n. 营救,救援
• rescue of sth. 对……的营救
3)distinct [dɪˈstɪŋkt] adj. 不同的,有区别的;明显的
[拓展] distinctly [dɪˈstɪŋktli] adv. 不同地,有区别地,明显地
4)shake [ʃeɪk] v. 摇晃,摇动
[拓展] shaky [ˈʃeɪki] adj. 摇晃的;站不住脚的,不靠谱的,不稳固的
5)insect [ˈɪnsekt] n. 昆虫
6)fail to 不能,未能
2.分析语法结构——
Scientists jumped to the rescue (with some distinctly shaky evidence) (to the effect) [that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.]
分析:
with some distinctly shaky evidence 作伴随状语;that 是修饰evidence 的同位语从句;在同位语从句中嵌套了 if 引导的条件状语从句。
(语言的理解 = 结构 + 内容)
to the effect 常见于同位语从句的先行词和引导词中间,为了引出先行词的内容,可翻译为:意思是、内容是、大意是。
I got a piece of news to the effect that Iron Man is going to marry Black Widow.
译文:我得到一条消息,大意是说钢铁侠要和黑寡妇结婚了。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
科学家用一些明显站不住脚的证据急忙去营救,该证据内容是:如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的话,它们将会把我们吃光。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-801efcba-4f56098c-8f1b505c-c4d6b024-c38d190b.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-04:同位语从句(2实战-分析句子2)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识But the idea that the journalists must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the media.
• But the idea that the journalists must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the media.
1.单词——
1)profound [prəˈfaʊnd] adj. 深远的,深刻的
• profound effect 深远的影响
2)convention [kənˈvenʃn] n. 大会;习俗,风俗;惯例
3)establish [ɪˈstæblɪʃ] v. 建立,形成,制定
2.分析语法结构——
But the idea [that the journalists must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen] rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the media).
分析:
that 引导同位语从句;整个句子的主干为:the idea rests on an understanding;of the established 为介短作后置定语修饰understanding。
当然这里的句子也可以分析为:
But the idea [that the journalists must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen] rests on an understanding (of the established conventions) and special responsibilities (of the media.)(这就要看具体语境了,此处采取第一种分析)
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
记者必须比普通市民更加深刻地理解法律,该观点依赖于对于既定的惯例以及媒体的特殊责任的理解。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-36ac7a5b-94f1130b-05621931-c81353d6-9a9415b7.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-04:同位语从句(2实战-分析句子3)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.
• Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.
1.单词——
1)sovereign [ˈsɑːvrɪn] adj. 至高无上的,有主权的,拥有最高统治权的;n. 君主;独立国
2)via [ˈvaɪə] prep. 通过
• via your help 通过你的帮助
• via your classes 通过你的课程
→ viable [ˈvaɪəbl] adj. 可通过的;行得通的,可行的
3)integrate [ˈɪntɪɡreɪt] v. 使……成为整体
4)a set of 一套
5)common [ˈkɑː mən] adj. 共同的
2.分析语法结构——
(Generally) there was a belief [that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.]
分析:
that 引导同位语从句;large enough to ……和 integrated by 为并列的表语。
There be句型中后面的名词是句子的主语,属倒装结构。
There is an apple. → An apple is there.
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
通常来说,有一个信念,即:新的国家应该是有主权且独立的,足够大到在经济上是可行的,并且可以由一套共同的法律而变成一个整体。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-572439b6-d84e2f71-2048b1c2-2f737df2-7c1e3dd6.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-05:定语从句(1解析)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢1.概念:
充当定语的句子就是定语从句,修饰名词或代词,说明该名词或代词怎么样。
定语从句是一个不完整的句子,需要引导词做成分才完整。
例句:Iron Man is a man who is handsome.
译文:钢铁侠是一个英俊的人。
例句:Iron Man is a man who I love.
译文:钢铁侠是一个我爱的人。
➢2.三要素:
man + who + who
(1)man(先行词);
(2)who(引导词);
(3)who(引导词在从句中做成分)(不做成分一定不是定语从句!因为定语从句不是一个完整的句子,加上引导词才完整。)
定语从句不是一个完整的句子,需要引导词做成分才完整。
➢3.引导词:
1)关系代词(当先行词为人或物之类的名词时使用,在从句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语,做成分):
that:可指人或物,可在从句中做主语、宾语、表语;
which:只能指物,可在从句中做主语、宾语、表语;
who:只能指人,可在从句中做主语、宾语、表语;
whom:只能指人,只能在从句中做宾语和表语;
whose:可指人或物,可在从句中做定语。
as:特殊结构中使用,不需要细究。
★*总结:在定语从句中,当引导词在从句中做宾语和表语时引导词可以省略,其余不能省略!
• Iron Man is a man that is kind. (主语)
译文:钢铁侠是一个善良的人。
• Iron Man is a man (that) I love. (宾语)
译文:钢铁侠是一个我爱的人。
• Iron Man is a man (that/who/whom) our scientist is. (表语)
译文:钢铁侠是一个人,是我们的科学家。
• This is a book that/which is nice. (主语)
译文:这是一本很好的书。
• This is a book (that/which) I love. (宾语)
译文:这是一本我爱的书。
• This is a book (that/which) my gift is. (表语)
译文:我的礼物是这本书。
• Iron Man is a man whose hair is short. (定语)
译文:钢铁侠是一个头发很短的人。
• This is a book whose writer is Iron Man. (定语)
译文:这是一本作者钢铁侠的书。
2)关系副词(当先行词为时间、地点或原因之类的名词时使用,在从句中做状语):常见的when/where/why
• Today is a good day when I see you.(定语从句,修饰名词)
译文:今天是我见到你的好日子。
区分:
(1)时间状语从句为从句做状语,修饰动词。
(2)定语从句为从句作定语,修饰名词。when修饰名词day,故该句为定语从句。
例句:
• I will go to Beijing when I finish my class in Shanghai. (状语从句)
译文:当我完成我在上海的课,我将去北京。
• 1949 was a great year when the new version of China was started. (定语从句,when 在从句中做时间状语)
译文:1949 年是新中国成立的伟大的一年。
• Qingdao is a great city where you can drink beer and eat seafood. (定语从句,where 在从句中做地点状语)
译文:青岛是一个可以喝啤酒、吃海鲜的很棒的城市。
• That I got up late is the reason why I was late for work. (定语从句,why 在从句中做原因状语)
译文:我起床晚了是我上班迟到的原因。
拓展练习(记忆)
• I got a piece of news that we are going to have 5 days off. (同位语从句,解释news 的内容是什么;that+完整的句子)
• I got a piece of news that made me so happy. (定语从句,修饰news 的内容怎么样;that+不完整的句子)
译文:我得到了一个让我很高兴的消息。
拓展练习(记忆)
• I don't know when Iron Man will come back. (宾语从句)
译文:我不知道钢铁侠什么时候会回来。
• When Iron Man will come back is a question. (主语从句)
译文:钢铁侠什么时候回来会是一个问题。
• It is a question when Iron Man will come back. (主语从句)
译文:钢铁侠什么时候会回来是一个问题。
• The question is when Iron Man will come back. (表语从句)
译文:问题是钢铁侠什么时候会回来。
• I still remember the moment when I first met Black Widow. ( 定语从句)
译文:我仍然记得第一次见到黑寡妇的那一刻。
• I will marry Black Widow when I am rich. (状语从句)
译文:当我有钱了,我就将娶黑寡妇。
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-05:定语从句(2实战-分析句子1)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
• The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
1.单词——
1)Aswan Dam 阿斯旺大坝
2)deprive [dɪˈpraɪv] v. 掠夺,夺去
• deprive A of B 夺去A 的B(从A中夺去B)
3)fertile [ˈfɜː rtl] adj. 肥沃的;能生的
[拓展] fertilize [ˈfɜː rtəlaɪz] v. 使肥沃;使受精
[拓展] fertilizer [ˈfɜː rtəlaɪzər] n. 肥料
[拓展] chemical fertilizer 化肥
4)silt [sɪlt] n. 淤泥,泥沙,残渣;v. 充满,淤塞,充塞
5)reservoir [ˈrezərvwɑːr] n. 水库
6)generate [ˈdʒenəreɪt] v. 产生
7)all for exams 一切都是为了考试
[拓展] all for winning 一切都是为了胜利
[拓展] all for success 一切都是为了成功
[拓展] all for money 一切都是为了钱
8)flood [flʌd] n. 洪水;v. 发洪水;涌向,涌入
9)giant [ˈdʒaɪənt] adj. 巨大的;n. 巨人;巨头
2.分析语法结构——
The Aswan Dam, (for example), stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt [定语从句that floods left] - all (in return) for a giant reservoir (of disease) [which is now so full of silt <that it barely generates electricity>.]
分析:
for example 是插入语;
that 引导定语从句修饰silt,后面的which 同样引导定语从句修饰 reservoir;
so…that…结构,是“如此……以至于”的意思,that 引导结果状语从句。
如果在句子中看到so/such…that…,往往是结果/目的状语从句。(看到“so/such”就找“that”)
例句:
• Iron Man, in my opinion, is a good man.
译文:在我看来,钢铁侠是个好人。
• I love the hairdo (of Iron Man) that is a kind man.
译文:我喜欢钢铁侠的发型,他是个善良的人。
• I love the hairdo (of Iron Man) that is fashionable.
译文:我喜欢钢铁侠时髦的发型。
注——语言的理解 = 结构 + 内容
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
例如,阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河发洪水,但是却夺去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃的淤泥,这一切就换来了一个有问题的巨大的水库,它充满了如此多的淤泥,以至于都几乎不再发电了。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-3441d573-46f51f96-00f78e86-4a34e3ae-bdfd219d.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-05:定语从句(2实战-分析句子2)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识The second, by Joshua Greenberge, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits particularly in word order shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
the first effort……
……
• The second, by Joshua Greenberge, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits particularly in word order shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
1.单词——
1)empirical [ɪmˈpɪrɪkl] adj. 经验主义的
2)approach [əˈprəʊtʃ] n. 方法,方式
3)universal [ˌjuː nɪˈvɜː rsl] adj. 宇宙的;普遍的
[拓展] universality [ˌjuː nɪvɜːrˈsæləti] n. 普遍性
4)identify [aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] v. 确认
[拓展] identification [aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 确认
5)trait [treɪt] n. 特征
6)cognitive [ˈkɑː ɡnətɪv] adj. 认知的
[拓展] cognition [kɑːɡˈnɪʃn] n. 认知
7)constraint [kənˈstreɪnt] n. 局限,限制
2.分析语法结构——
The second (此处省略了effort), (by Joshua Greenberge), takes a more empirical approach to universality, (identifying traits) (particularly in word order) (shared by many languages), [which are considered to represent biases <that result from cognitive constraints.>]
分析:
identifying traits…为伴随状语;
shared by many langauges 为后置定语,修饰traits;
which are considered…为定语从句,修饰traits;
后面的that 引导定语从句,修饰biases。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
由Joshua Greenberge 做出的第二种努力将一种更为经验主义的方法带到了普遍性上,这就确认出了许多语言所共有的特征(尤其是在词序上),它们被认为代表了一些来自于认知局限的偏见。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-ee6fe524-661aa79c-71c3aa45-b654e83b-ace855c5.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-05:定语从句(2实战-分析句子3)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
• His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
1.单词——
1)A is analogous to B A 和B 是相类似的
2)obligation [ˌɑːblɪˈɡeɪʃn] n. 职责,责任,义务
[拓展] be obliged to do 有责任做……,有义务做……;不得不做……,被迫做……
3)function [ˈfʌŋkʃn] n. 功能;职责;v. 运行,运转
4)in a manner 以……某种方式;在某种意义上;在某种程度上
5)as obvious as possible 尽可能明显的
6)reason 在考研中常为“推理”的意思
2.分析语法结构——
His function is analogous to that(指代function) (of a judge), [who must accept the obligation (of revealing <in as obvious a manner as possible> the course (of reasoning) <which led him to his decision.>)]
分析:
句首的 that 指代function,of a judge 修饰that,其后的 who引导定语从句,修饰a judge;
revealing 为及物动词,它的宾语为the course,中间的 in as obvious…为方式状语修饰 revealing;
后面又有另一定语从句 which led him to his decision 修饰course。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
他的职责和法官相似,法官必须接受这一义务,即:用尽可能明显的方式来揭露出引导他做出决定的推理过程。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-457ea249-1e6f8d5c-4cdd0234-bd6126c7-ed8a1442.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-06:状语从句(1解析)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢1.概念:
做状语的句子就是状语从句,可以修饰动词、形容词、副词以及整个句子,但主要是修饰动词。
状语从句:一般是一个完整的句子,引导词不做成分。
➢2.分类:
1)时间状语从句
• I met Black Widow when I was five.
译文:当我五岁的时候遇到了黑寡妇。
拓展:
第一次见面 Nice to meet you. 第二次见面 Nice to see you.
2)地点状语从句
• I met Black Widow where I was born.
译文:我在我出生的地方遇到了黑寡妇。
3)原因状语从句
• I had a crush on Black Widow because she was beautiful and kind.
译文:我看上了黑寡妇,因为她美丽又善良。
4)目的状语从句
• I was very good to Black Widow in order that she would be my girlfriend.
译文:我对黑寡妇很好,为了让她做我的女朋友。
5)结果状语从句
• I was so spoony that Black Widow finally agreed to date me.
译文:我是如此的痴情,以至于黑寡妇最终同意和我约会。
6)条件状语从句:主将来从一般
如果主句用现在将来时,后面用一般现在时;
如果主句用过去将来时,后面用一般过去时。
• I would be happy if Black Widow was happy.
译文:如果黑寡妇快乐,我就快乐。
• I will be happy if you are happy.
译文:如果你快乐,我就快乐。
• I will be sad if you are sad.
译文:如果你难过,我就难过。
7)比较状语从句
• I love you more than I can say.
译文:我爱你超越于我能用语言去描述的。
8)方式状语从句
• I love you as if you were my entire world.
译文:我爱你就像你是我的全世界。
9)让步状语从句
• Although we had a great time, we finally broke up.
译文:尽管我们度过了一段非常美好的时光,但最后我们还是分手了。
注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-06:状语从句(2实战-分析句子1)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development.
• While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development.
1.单词——
(1)learning [ˈlɜːnɪŋ] n. 知识,学识;v-ing. 学习
2.分析语法结构——
[While formal learning is transmitted by teachers (selected to perform this role)], informal learning is acquired (as a natural part) (of a child's development).
分析:
句首的while引导让步状语从句,过去分词结构 selected to…作teachers的后置定语;
主句中informal learning为主语,谓语为is acquired,as a natural part 为状语修饰acquired。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
尽管正式的知识是由被选拔出来担当此角色的老师所传授的,但是非正式的知识却是作为孩子发展过程中的一个自然部分而获得的。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-b01d9886-45439a5d-2291fee2-b797cde2-10b2f25a.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-06:状语从句(2实战-分析句子2)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is.
• While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is.
1.单词——
1)induce [ɪnˈduː s] v. 诱导,引诱,引起
2)inevitable [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] adj. 不可避免的,必然的
• Pain is inevitable, suffering is optional.
译文:疼痛难以避免,磨难可以选择。
2.分析语法结构——
[1状While it is true <2主that this competition may induce efforts (to expand territory) (at the expense of others), and thus lead to conflict>], it cannot be said [3主that war-like conflict (among other nations) is inevitable, <4状although competition is inevitable.>]
分析:
句首 while 引导让步状语从句,里面嵌套了一个 it 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面 that 引导的主语从句;
to expand territory 作efforts 的后置定语,at the expense of others 作expand 的状语;
而后面的主句同样是it 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面 that 引导的从句,里面嵌套了 although 引导的让步状语从句,承前省略了inevitable;
among other nations 作conflict 的后置定语。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文 1:
尽管正确的是这种竞争可能会引起以其他国家为代价的扩张领土的努力,并且因此导致冲突,但也并不能说像战争一样的国与国之间的冲突就是不可避免的,尽管竞争难以避免。
参考译文 2:
这种竞争可能会引起以其他国家为代价的扩张领土的努力,并且因此导致冲突,尽管这是正确的,但也并不能说像战争一样的国与国之间的冲突就是不可避免的,尽管竞争难以避免。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-d40c3893-755dea14-8fae3382-dbd5b777-760ef86a.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-06:状语从句(2实战-分析句子3)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case.
• While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case.
1.单词——
1)to date 到目前为止,迄今为止,至今
2)favor [ˈfeɪvər] v. 赞成,偏袒,青睐;有利于;悉心照料;n. 帮助,提拔,赞同,偏袒,青睐
3)sector [ˈsektər] n. 扇形;部分;部门;区,区域
4)favor A over B 喜欢A 而不是B
2.分析语法结构——
[While it is true < that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors (of the international community) over the less developed>,] this need not always be the case.
分析:
句首 while 引导让步状语从句,里面嵌套了一个 it 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面 that 引导的主语从句;
of the international community 作sectors 的定语。
3.翻译——(英→汉)
参考译文:
尽管正确的是:到目前为止,互联网似乎更青睐于那些在国际社会中的最发达的地区,而非欠发达的地区,但是情况并非总是如此。
4.反翻译——(汉→英)
……
[sound:youdao-bc58e316-81e1e62b-cbf5ffe7-49b2e0b4-a71e1a53.mp3]
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-07:状语从句(1解析1)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
注:英语句子状语时常难以判断,所以在这里补充区分一下。
➢1.首先你要清楚:什么叫状语?
就是动词的八个状态:地点、时间、原因、状态、目的、结果、方式、程度。
修饰动词、形容词、副词以及整个句子的成份叫状语。
例如:
(1)My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.
我父母经常给我们讲他们过去的苦难生活。(修饰整个句子)
(2)She studies hard.
她努力学习。(修饰动词)
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-07:状语从句(1解析2)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢2.你要清楚:什么可以作状语?
状语一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词和分词短语、名词或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。即:
(1)副词【时间副词(也称为时间名词);副词、副词性短语】;
(2)介词短语;(for+名词,in the past,……)
(3)不定式【to do…】;(一般表示目的)
(4)分词和分词短语【现在分词/动名词(-ing形式)、动名词短语;过去分词(-ed形式)、过去分词短语】;
(5)名词;
(6)相当于副词的词或短语【少数形容词;独立结构;惯用的特殊词组】。
1.副词:(这是英语中用作状语最多的一种。)
(1)Say again.
再说一遍。
(2)Suddenly it began to rain.
天突然下雨了。
(3)He speaks English very well.
他英语说得非常好。
其中的“very”是程度副词,用来修饰“well”。“very well”是修饰“speak”的程度状语。
2.介词短语:
(1)Please come here in the evening.
请晚上来这儿。
(2)He wrote with a red pencil.
他用红铅笔写的。
(3)Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
从十年以前开始,她开始住在了大连。
“in Dalian”是介词短语,在句中作地点状语。
(4)The boy was praised for his bravery.
这个男孩因为他的勇敢而被夸奖。
“for his bravery”是介词短语,在句中作原因状语,解释男孩被夸奖的原因。
3.动词不定式(或不定式短语):
(1)He went to see a film.
他看电影去了。
(2)My father was surprised to hear the news.
我父亲听到这个消息,感到惊奇。
(2)I come specially to see you.我专门来看你。
4.分词(或分词短语):
(1)He sat there reading a novel.(现在分词短语)
他坐在那儿看小说。
(2)The students went away laughing.(现在分词)
学生们笑着走开了。
(3)Faced with the situation, what are we supposed to do?(过去分词短语)
面对这种情况,我们应该怎么做?
5.名词:(这种情况较少。)
(1)Wait a moment.
等一会儿。
(2)It can go all day and all night.
它能整日整夜地走。
6.从句做状语:(状语从句,后面讲解)
(1)I'll write to you as soon as I get there.
我一到那儿就给你写信。
(2)He didn't come because he had to stay at home to finish his homework.
他没来,因为他不得不留在家里完成家庭作业。
(3)When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
她12岁的那一年开始居住于大连。
此处When引导时间状语,从句在主句中充当时间状语从句。
(4)If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
如果我明天不忙,我就会陪你踢足球。
此处If引导条件状语,从句在主句中充当条件状语从句。
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-07:状语从句(1解析3)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢3.状语的分类:
状语按用途可分为:地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。
1.地点状语:
The students are doing their homework in the classroom.(介词短语)
学生们正在教室里做作业。
2.时间状语:
(1)I'll call you as soon as I get there.(状语从句)
我一到那儿就给你打电话。
(2)I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside.(状语从句)
我在农村生活时,向农民学到很多东西。
3.目的状语:
(1)He went to buy an English book. (不定式)
他买英语书去了。
(2)They set out early so that they might arrive on time. (状语从句)
他们早点动身,以便准时到达。
4.原因状语:
She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting. (状语从句)
因为要开会,所以她不能回家了。
5.结果状语:
Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly. (状语从句)
李明学习如此努力,结果很快赶上了其他人。
6.程度状语:
I nearly forgot what he had promised. (副词)
我几乎忘记了他答应的事。
7.方式状语:
He came singing and dancing. (现在分词)
他唱着跳着走过来。
8.条件状语:
If you work hard at English,you will do well in English. (状语从句)
如果你努力学习英语,你的英语成绩就会好。
9.让步状语:
He went to school yesterday though he was ill. (状语从句)
昨天他尽管有病,仍上学去了。
10.比较状语:
Lesson Two is more difficult than Lesson One. (介词短语)
第二课比第一课更难。
25梳成语法·3
☞进阶语法2-07:状语从句(1解析4)第三章 进阶语法第二节 简单语法知识
➢4.状语的位置:
一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活,它可以处于句首、句中或句末。
1.状语位于句首:
为了强调状语或者为了使它与上下文紧密衔接,通常把状语放于句首。
(1)Tomorrow I am going swimming.
明天我要去游泳。
(2)Here in the cinema house, smoking is not allowed.
在电影院这里不准吸烟的。
2.状语位于句中:
(1)如果没有助动词,状语就位于动词之后。
I often go to see a film.
我经常看电影。
(2)如果动词前有一个或几个助动词,状语位于第一个助动词之后。
He has already had his lunch.
他已吃过午饭了。
(3)如果动词是be,状语就放在be动词之后。
He is always at home.
他总是在家。
这里“有下划线”的都是状语,要好好揣摩一下!这里说的比较多,可以先学会状语,然后再看状语从句部分。一步一步来吧。这样不容易混淆。