25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-01:五大句型第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
五大句型1:主语+谓语(不及物动词)
• Tom died yesterday.
• The little bird grew up.
五大句型2:主语+谓语+宾语(及物动词)
• John killed three birds.
• They are looking for something.
判断方法:(单词带入进来,无语病就是及物动词,反之是不及物动词)
A B
B被A
分支概念1:主语(很丰富的概念)
• Money is my love. (名词做主语)
• He is handsome. (代词做主语)
• Swimming is my favorite sport. (动名词doing做主语)
• To study abroad is my dream.(不定时做主语)
• Where he lives is in doubt.(主语从句做主语)
分支概念2:谓语(动词——时态)(be done和done;be doing和doing)
• Money is my love and need my energy.
强调:一句话只能有一个谓语。
三大非谓语动词:
不定式to do、动名词doing、分词(过去分词done、现在分词doing)
注:不定时很活跃,可以除了谓语之外的所有成分,如主语、宾语、定语、状语等。
分支概念3:宾语(几乎跟主语一样)——练习:请标出宾语位置
• She didn't say anything.
• People should respect the old.
• I enjoy working with you.
• Did you write down what he said?
五大句型3:主语+系动词+表语(补语)
• Apples are
• The soup is hot.
主谓一致(数量,第一人称、第二人称、第三人称要对应)
系动词的作用:联系动词:连接动词。
如,be;感官;变化类
(技巧:系动词都可以替换成is)
分支概念1:系动词(空,无意义)
• That dress looks pretty. 那件裙子很好看。
• The dog seems friendly. 那只狗好像很友善。
• His demands appear reasonable(合理的). 他的要求显得很合理。
• His trip sounds exciting. 他的旅行听起来很刺激。
• I feel sick. 我感觉不舒服。
• The drug tastes bitter. 药很苦。
• The story proved false. 故事经证实是捏造的。
• He became a scientist. 他当了科学家。
• A nurse makes a good wife. 娶护士做太太真不错。
分支概念2:表语本质是什么?
表语本质是补语。(对主语的补充说明)
五大句型4:主语+动词+宾语+宾语(双宾语)
• My father gives me a dog.
• My father gives me (be) a dog.
→I (am) a dog.(中间加个be动词后句意不成立,这就是双宾语)
主系表——表——主语补足语——补语
五大句型5:主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(宾语补足语)
• You make your mother happy.
• You make your mother (be) happy.
your mother(is)happy表语
分支概念1:定语(形容词):修饰“名词”。翻译为“…的”
red apples(红色的苹果)
our scientist(我们的科学家)
tall buildings(高大的建筑)
(技巧:只要修饰名词的就是定语)
分支概念2:状语:修饰“形容词;副词;动词”。
• She sings (in the shower) every morning. 她每天早晨洗澡时唱歌。
• He walks (slowly) to the park (in the morning). 他早上慢慢地走到公园。
• I will meet you (at the restaurant) near the station (at 7 p.m.) . 我晚上7点在车站附近的餐馆见你。
(技巧:考研中常见的是修饰动词的状语)
介宾结构!!!(介词+宾语)
• The book (on the desk) is mine. (定语——最常见情况。后置定语提前翻译,即翻译后置定语的时候将其提到名词的前面,如“桌子上的书是我的”)
• (On hearing the news), she couldn't help crying. 听到这个消息,她忍不住哭了。(状语——次常见情况)
• They are at work. (表语——罕见)
• The girl (with the longhair) is my sister. 长头发的女孩是我妹妹。
• She fell asleep (during the movie). 她在看电影的时候睡着了。
of结构!!!
表示无生命所属关系:
• the roof (of the house) 房顶
• the name (of the song) 歌曲的名字
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-02:状语从句(1句间关系,6种。句子连接方法、词性)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
第一种:破折号(一)
例:He is yersatile——bespeaks five different languages and plays the piano very well. 他多才多艺——他会讲五种语言且钢琴弹得很好。
第二种:冒号(:)
例:He has finally made his goal known to us: he wants to be a scientist. 他终于让我们知道他的目标:他要当科学家。
第三种:分号(;)——考过
例:He is nice; quite often he is seen helping others. 他人很好;常有人看见他在帮助别人。
第四种:并列连接词(重点)
例:He enjoys taking pictures, and he has decided to pursue(追求)the art as his life career. 他喜欢摄影,并且决定要追求此种艺术作为他的终身事业。
第五种:副词连接词(重中之重)
例:He deserves our respect because he is honest. 他值得我们尊敬,因为他诚实。(副词性状语从句)
区分:
副词→作为“状语”→修饰“动词”
形容词→作为“定语”→修饰“名词”
第六种:关系词(重中之重)
例:He is a man who never tells lies. 他是个从不说谎的人。
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-02:状语从句(2从句数量。重点)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
N和N-1规则(所有句子的基础,重要指数五星级,学校没人讲,做题还得会)
N个谓语动词=N个句子=N-1个连词或者关系词
例句1:I have a banana, I have an apple. (×。该句有2个主语、2个谓语)
修改:
I have a banana, and I have an apple. (√)
例句2:I have a banana, I have an apple, I have an orange. (×。该句有3个谓语)
修改:
I have a banana, and I have an apple, I have an orange. (×)
I have a banana, and I have an apple, and I have an orange. (√)
结论:N和N-1规则(所有从句;非谓语;时态的基础)
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-02:状语从句(3三大连词。重点)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
and、or、but衍生的其他连接词:
虽然基本的并列连接词只有and、or、but三个,但亦可由此三个变化成下列数个连接词:
and →→→ both…and…(一方面…同时也…)
or →→→ either…or…(要不就是…要不就是…)
neither…nor…(既非…亦非…)
but →→→ not…but…(并非…而是…)
not only…but also…(不仅…而且…)
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-02:状语从句(4副词连接词。重点)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
副词 (adverb)修饰 三类词: 动词、形容词和其他副词
副词——状从
一、时间状语从句
常见引导词:
when(在…时)
as(当…时)(表时间,前后时态一致)
while(在…期间)(表时间,前后时态一致)
as soon as(一…就…)(表时间,前后时态一致)
before(在…之前)
after(在…之后)
since(自从…以来)
not…until(直到…才)
until/till(直到…时)等
特殊引导词:
the minute
the moment(表时间,前后时态一致)
the second
every time
the day
the instant(瞬间,顷刻)
特殊引导词 (引导过去完成时):
no sooner…than…(一…就…)(表时间)
hardly…when(刚一…就…)(表时间)
scarcely…when(刚…就…/一…就…)(表时间)
• [While John was watching TV], his wife was cooking. 当约翰看电视时,他的妻子正在做饭。
• The children ran away from the orchard, [the moment they saw the guard]. 孩子们一看到守卫就逃出了果园。
• No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 我一到家就开始下雨了。
二、地点状语从句
常用引导词:
where
特殊引导词:
wherever
anywhere
everywhere
• Generally, air will be heavily polluted [where there are factories]. 一般来说,有工厂的地方空气污染就严重。
三、原因状语从句
常用引导词:
because
since
as
for
特殊引导词:
seeing that(考虑到,鉴于)
now that(既然)
in that(因为)
considering (鉴于,考虑到)that
given that(鉴于,考虑到)
• My friends dislike me [because I’m handsome and successful]. 我的朋友都不喜欢我,因为我又英俊又成功。
• [Now that everybody has come], let’s begin our conference. 既然每个人都到了,让我们开始我们的会议吧。
四、目的状语从句
常用引导词:
so that…(以便于)
in order that…
特殊引导词:
in case…(万一)
for fear that…(唯恐,以免)
in the hope that…(抱着…的希望)
for the purpose of…(为了…(的目的))
to the end that…(为了…起见)
• In order to study [for the purpose of devoting yourself into study]. 为了专心学习而学习。(写作必备)
五、结果状语从句
常用引导词:
so…that…
such…that…
特殊引导词:
to the degree that…
to the extent that…
to such a degree that…
六、条件状语从句
常用引导词:
if
unless
whether (whether…or not), once(一…就;一旦…就)
特殊引导词:
as/so long as
only if(只有)
providing/provided that…(只要,倘若)
supposing that…(假设)
in case(万一)
on condition that…(如果,在…条件下)
• You can borrow the car, [providing I can have it back by six o'clock]. 你可以借用我的车,只要六点钟以前还给我就行。
• You will certainly succeed [so long as you keep on trying]. 只要你继续努力,你一定会成功的。
七、让步状语从句
常用引导词:
though
although
even if
even though,once(一旦)
特殊引导词:
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)
while(一般用在句首)
no matter…
in spite of the fact that…
whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever
• [Much as I respect him], I can’t agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他,但是我却不同意他的建议。
• He won’t listen [whatever you may say]. 他不会听你说什么。
八、比较状语从句
常用引导词:
as(同级比较)
than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词:
the more…the more…
just as…
so…
A is to B what/as X is to Y(写作必备)
no…more than…
not so much A as B
• The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你运动的越多,你就越健康。
• Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。
九、方式状语从句
常用引导词:
as(像…一样)
as if=as though
how
特殊引导词:
the way
• When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入国问禁,入乡随俗。(写作必备)
• She behaved as if she were the boss. 她表现得好像她是老板。
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-03:定语从句(1概述)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
啥叫定语?
• we need a good(定语)scientist.
• we need a scientist who doesn’t make us fall asleep in academy.
中英文差异:(中文:往左边加内容;英文:往右边加内容(尾重原则))
中文:
有条理
干得有条理
一切干得有条理
他把一切干得有条理
没想到他把一切干得有条理
她没想到他把一切干得有条理
试着翻译:
• Only who have the patience to do simple things perfectly those will acquire the skill to do difficult things easily.
• A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.
解析:
• Only [who have the patience to do simple things perfectly] those will acquire the skill (to do difficult things easily). 只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人,才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事情。
• A rich person is not one [who has the most], but is one [who needs the least]. 富有的人不是拥有最多的人,而是需求最少的人。
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-03:定语从句(2普通关系词)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
关系代词:
that/which/who/whom/whose/as
关系副词:
where/when/why
区别:
代词:做句子成分。
副词:不做句子成分。
何为句子成分?
根据五大句型判断是否缺成分。
成分:主语or宾语
缺成分,用代词:不缺成分,用副词。
代词的用法:
that 人/物 主/宾
which 物 主/宾
who 人 主
whom 人 宾
whose + n. 一起构成从句主语
副词的用法:
Where 表地点(具体+抽象)抽象词如:field,job,situation,case
When 表时间
Why 表原因
• There are [when (=on which) one must yield] moments. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
• Beijing is [where (=in which) I was born] the place. 北京是我的出生地。
• Is this the reason [why (=for which) he refused our offer]? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
关系词省略:
• Here is the man [(who/that/whom) you're been looking for]. 这就是你一直在找的人。
• She is all [(that) a scientist should be]. 她是一个合格的科学家。
(省略情形:作为动词的宾语、介词的宾语、系动词的宾语等)
特殊代词as(正如…一样)(难点!!!,逢考必忘)
1.such…as…
与表示结果的so/such…that结构的区别,当从句中不缺成分时用so/such…that…引导的是结果状语从句,在从句中却成分时用so/such…as…引导的是定语从句。
如:
• As a scientist, I seldom give such a difficult problem as they can’t work out. (缺成分,定语从句)
• As a scientist, I seldom give such a difficult problem that they can’t work it out.(不缺成分,结果状语从句)
2.the same…as…
• I have bought the same watch as you have.
3.As is n known to everybody, …(引导非限制性定从)
• as is said above 综上所述(背诵!)
• as is known to all 众所周知(背诵!)
• as is often the case 通常如此(背诵!)
• as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报导的
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-03:定语从句(3whose的用法。容易被忽视)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
whose则不同,它后面必须接一个名词,而不能单独使用。(whose可以翻译为:…的)
因此,whose用作关系词确切来讲应该算作是关系形容词,或者叫关系限定词。
另外,whose同that一样,既可以指人,也可以指物。
• He is the man [whose car was stolen]. 他就是汽车被窃的人。
• [The whose names were called] boys stood up. 叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-03:定语从句(4非限制性定语从句。重点)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
限制:
从句提供先行词的性质,属性,不可缺少,缺了句子不完整。
非限制性:
用来提供附加的非必要信息。
• The food [which wasn’t in the fridge] all went off. 不在冰箱里的食物都变质了。(潜台词:没都坏)
• The food, [which wasn’t in the fridge], all went off. (潜台词:都坏了)
• The cab drivers [who knew about the traffic jam] took another road. 知道交通堵塞的出租车司机走了另一条路。(潜台词:没都换)
• The cab drivers, [who knew about the traffic jam], took another road. 知道交通堵塞的出租车司机走了另一条路。(潜台词:都换了)
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-04:名词性从句(1概述)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
五大成分——主谓宾系表补
名词性从句包括:
1、主语从句
2、宾语从句
3、表语从句
4、同位语从句
(区分:定语从句:句子修饰名词;同位语从句:句子=名词)
关系词:(非常重要,注意要与定从关系词区分)
关系连词:
that/whether/as if/because
连接代词:
what(有可能是代词,有可能是感叹句)/who/which(哪一个)/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever
连接副词:
where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-04:名词性从句(2各句型)第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
1、主语从句:句子中的主语部分由一句话构成。
请画出下列哪部分是主语从句
• [That the plates are moving] is beyond dispute. 板块在移动是无可争议的。
• [Whoever comes] is welcome. 谁来都欢迎。
• [Whether he went abroad or not] is not clear. 他是否出国还不清楚。
• [What you have done for us] is so helpful. 你为我们所做的一切太有帮助了。
• It is important [to learn English]. 学习英语很重要。
正常语序:To learn English is important.
主语从句必背句型(很好背)
一、形式主语的主语从句
• It+be动词+过去分词+that 从句
• It's reported that… 据报道…
• It is generally thought that… 人们普遍认为…
• It has been found that… 现已发现…
二、It+be动词+形容词+that+从句
• It is clear that… 显然…
• It is likely that… 很可能…
• It is certain that… 可以相信…
• It is fortunate that… 幸运的是…
• It is possible that… 很可能…
完型常见结构:
• It seems that… 似乎…
• It follows that… 因此…/由此可见…
• It happens that… 碰巧…
• It turns out that… 结果证明是…
• It comes about that… 结果是…
阅读常见难句结构:(难度结构,阅读常见)
• It dawns upon/on sb. that… 某人突然想起…
• It makes no difference that… 无所谓
• It is of little consequence that… 无关紧要
• It is occurs to sb. that… 某人突然想起…
• It doesn't need to be bothered that… 不必担忧…
难句翻译:
• When I decided to quit my full-time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. 当我决定辞去全职工作时,我从未想过我可能会成为新的国际潮流的一部分。
2、宾语从句:句子中的宾语部分由一句话构成。
普通宾从:
• I don’t think [that you are right]. 我不认为你是对的。
双宾:
• I assure you [that I had no intention of offending you]. 我向你保证我无意冒犯你。
介词后:
• I find the best way to concentrate is to make notes on [what the teachers are saying]. 我发现集中注意力的最好方法是把老师讲的话记下来。
形式宾语:
• We believe it true [that the human body is also a kind of good conductor]. 我们相信人体也是一种良导体。
• We must make it clear [that the parties involved are to e make every effort to curb the pollution]. 我们必须明确有关各方都要尽一切努力遏制污染。
that 省略:
• I once read [that "the beauty of life is its changes"] and [that "the art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings"]. 我曾经读到过“生活的美在于它的变化”和“生活的艺术在于对我们周围环境的不断调整”。
3、表语从句:句子中的表语部分由一句话构成。
• The question is [how he did it]. 问题是他是怎么做的。
how: 副词
• My suggestion is [that we start early tomorrow]. 我的建议是明天早点出发。
that: 连词
4、同位语从句:用一句话跟在一名词或代词后面。
同位语从句句型(一):名词+that+陈述句
• The supreme happiness of life is the conviction [that we are loved]. 生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。(雨果非常浪漫的名言)
• A woman marries a man with the ridiculous belief [that she can change him]; a man marries a woman with the naive idea [that she will continue to be the same]. 一个女人嫁给一个男人,荒谬地认为她可以改变他;男人带着天真的想法娶了一个女人,以为她会一如既往。
同位语从句句型(二):名词+定语+that+陈述句
• The statement (by the driver of the vehicle) [that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the Court]. 该车辆的司机说他没有看到卡车,法院驳回了这一说法。
同位语从句句型(三):名词+谓语+that+陈述句
• Evidence came up [that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old]. 有证据表明,6个月大的婴儿就能识别特定的语音。
注意,有些时候同位语从句不一定紧跟在名词或代词之后。
对其进行解释说明。
• The idea [that all people are selfish] is wrong. 所有人都自私的想法是错误的。
• We heard the news [that our team had won]. 我们听到我们队赢了的消息。
25梳成语法·2
☞基础语法1-05:非谓语动词第二章 基础语法第一节 语法分析
非谓语动词共三类,包括:不定式to do、动名词doing、分词(过去分词done、现在分词doing)。
非谓语动词 | 充当成分 | 成分举例 |
不定式to do | 除了谓语,都能当 | 主语:It takes time and effort to master English. 宾语:I hope to see you again. 定语:We had a long journey to make before nightfall. 目的状语(专属功能):To succeed, you have to tackle your difficulties. 结果状语:We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left. |
动名词v-ing | 相当于名词,可做主语、宾语、表语和定语 | 主语:It's no use crying over spilt milk. 宾语:Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result. 表语:His hobby is collecting stamps. 定语:a reading room |
分词(现在分词doing、过去分词done) | 相当于形容词或者副词,主要做定语和状语 | 定语:the sinking ship 定语:Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) 定语:The man standing at the gate is my English teacher. 状语(主语一致):Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people on the street. 状语(主语不一致):Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow. |
不定式to do:表示目的(专属作用)
• She went to the store (to buy some milk). 她去商店买牛奶。
• I need to practice more (to improve my English). 我需要多练习来提高我的英语水平。
• He went to the gym (to workout). 他去健身房锻炼了。
• The best way (to learn a language) is to practice every day. 学习一门语言的最好方法是每天练习。(此处是介词短语to+n做后置定语)
• The fastest route (to the city center) is to take the subway. 到市中心最快的路线是乘地铁。(此处是介词短语to+n做后置定语)
现在分词doing:表主动,表进行
主动:
• The man (standing at the gate) is Materials specialist. 站在门口的那个人是材料专家。
进行:the sinking ship
• I saw a group of children (playing in the park). 我看见一群孩子在公园里玩耍。
• The cat (lying on the Windowsill) is my pet. 躺在窗台上的猫是我的宠物。
• The building (standing on the corner) is a famous landmark. 站在街角的那座建筑是著名的地标。
对比:
be doing——进行时——时态——谓语
doing——分词——非谓语动词
doing——动名词——名词
过去分词done:表被动,表完成
被动:the exploited class 被剥削阶级
完成:fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen=地上的落叶
• The book (written by the famous author) is a best-seller. 那位著名作家写的那本书是畅销书。
• The woman (dressed in a red coat) is my sister. 穿红色外套的那个女人是我妹妹。
• The movie (directed by the famous director) won many awards. 由那位著名导演执导的电影获得了许多奖项。
双谓语问题:
• He brought a new car is a lawyer. (×。主语不是实词,所以这不是过去分词引导的非谓语从句)
修正——非谓语:
• (Being a lawyer), he bought a new car. 作为一名律师,他买了一辆新车。
修正——定从:
• He, [who is a lawyer], bought a new car. 他是一名律师,他买了一辆新车。